Civil Justice
In a rule of law society, ordinary people should be able to resolve their grievances and obtain remedies in conformity with fundamental rights through formal institutions of justice in a peaceful and effective manner, rather than resorting to violence or self-help. Civil justice requires that the system be accessible, affordable, effective, impartial, and culturally competent. Accessibility includes general awareness of available remedies; availability and affordability of legal advice and representation; and absence of excessive or unreasonable fees and hurdles. Impartiality includes absence of arbitrary distinctions, such as social and economic status, as well as decisions that are free of improper influence by public officials or private interests. Effective civil justice also implies that court proceedings are conducted in a timely manner and judgments are enforced without unreasonable delay. Finally, in a rule of law society, it is essential that alternative dispute mechanisms provide effective access to justice, while refraining from binding persons who have not consented to be bound by the mechanism.
This factor also measures if the system provides for fair and effective enforcement. It consists of 57 variables combined to form the following seven sub-factors:
Subfactors
Index Factor Information and Rankings
| Country | Region | Income Group | 7 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Lower middle income | 0.51 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.22 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.58 | 0.69 |
| Argentina | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.72 | 0.62 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.70 |
| Australia | East Asia & Pacific | High income | 0.72 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.51 | 0.77 | 0.85 |
| Austria | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 0.58 | 0.79 | 0.94 |
| Bangladesh | South Asia | Low income | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.46 | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.40 |
| Belarus | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.73 | 0.54 | 0.38 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.77 |
| Belgium | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.73 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 0.77 |
| Bolivia | Latin America & Caribbean | Lower middle income | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.58 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.66 |
| Botswana | Sub-Saharan Africa | Upper middle income | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.46 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.50 | 0.69 | 0.67 |
| Brazil | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.55 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.58 |
| Bulgaria | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 0.49 | 0.60 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.72 |
| Burkina Faso | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.59 | 0.46 | 0.68 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.72 |
| Cambodia | East Asia & Pacific | Low income | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.56 |
| Cameroon | Sub-Saharan Africa | Lower middle income | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.54 |
| Canada | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.72 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.47 | 0.79 | 0.84 |
| Chile | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.66 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.38 | 0.60 | 0.80 |
| China | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | 0.43 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 0.64 | 0.35 | 0.52 |
| Colombia | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.53 | 0.64 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.61 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.74 |
| Cote dIvoire | Sub-Saharan Africa | Lower middle income | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.74 |
| Croatia | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | High income | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.71 |
| Czech Republic | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | High income | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.26 | 0.64 | 0.79 |
| Denmark | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.79 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.51 | 0.77 | 0.79 |
| Dominican Republic | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.64 |
| Ecuador | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.42 | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.70 |
| Egypt | Middle East & North Africa | Lower middle income | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.32 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.60 |
| El Salvador | Latin America & Caribbean | Lower middle income | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.58 |
| Estonia | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | High income | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 0.75 |
| Ethiopia | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.68 |
| Finland | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.82 | 0.60 | 0.82 | 0.71 |
| France | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.73 |
| Georgia | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Lower middle income | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.40 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.71 |
| Germany | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.68 | 0.87 | 0.78 |
| Ghana | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.36 | 0.47 | 0.77 |
| Greece | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.22 | 0.47 | 0.78 |
| Guatemala | Latin America & Caribbean | Lower middle income | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.64 |
| Hong Kong SAR, China | East Asia & Pacific | High income | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.76 | 0.88 | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.76 |
| Hungary | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | High income | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 0.87 | 0.67 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.68 |
| India | South Asia | Lower middle income | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.55 |
| Indonesia | East Asia & Pacific | Lower middle income | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.33 | 0.67 | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.47 |
| Iran | Middle East & North Africa | Upper middle income | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.69 | 0.76 |
| Italy | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.74 |
| Jamaica | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.58 |
| Japan | East Asia & Pacific | High income | 0.77 | 0.64 | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.83 |
| Jordan | Middle East & North Africa | Upper middle income | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.36 | 0.67 | 0.68 |
| Kazakhstan | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.51 | 0.54 |
| Kenya | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.51 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.64 |
| Kyrgyzstan | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Low income | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
| Lebanon | Middle East & North Africa | Upper middle income | 0.45 | 0.60 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.20 | 0.52 | 0.44 |
| Liberia | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.22 |
| Macedonia | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | 0.53 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.62 | 0.37 | 0.55 | 0.61 |
| Madagascar | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.88 | 0.41 | 0.54 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.75 |
| Malawi | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.75 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.74 |
| Malaysia | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.71 | 0.37 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.71 |
| Mexico | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.54 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.54 |
| Moldova | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Lower middle income | 0.42 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.43 |
| Mongolia | East Asia & Pacific | Lower middle income | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.51 | 0.42 |
| Morocco | Middle East & North Africa | Lower middle income | 0.54 | 0.49 | 0.76 | 0.39 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.59 |
| Nepal | South Asia | Low income | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.60 | 0.27 | 0.62 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.56 |
| Netherlands | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.84 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 0.61 | 0.86 | 0.81 |
| New Zealand | East Asia & Pacific | High income | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.97 | 0.80 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.76 |
| Nicaragua | Latin America & Caribbean | Lower middle income | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.69 |
| Nigeria | Sub-Saharan Africa | Lower middle income | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.66 |
| Norway | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.82 | 0.73 | 0.81 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.92 |
| Pakistan | South Asia | Lower middle income | 0.39 | 0.55 | 0.22 | 0.38 | 0.61 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.52 |
| Panama | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.40 | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.67 |
| Peru | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.52 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.65 |
| Philippines | East Asia & Pacific | Lower middle income | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.58 |
| Poland | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | High income | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.70 | 0.32 | 0.50 | 0.76 |
| Portugal | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.62 | 0.68 | 0.77 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.27 | 0.40 | 0.73 |
| Republic of Korea | East Asia & Pacific | High income | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.94 |
| Romania | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.72 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.77 |
| Russia | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.60 |
| Senegal | Sub-Saharan Africa | Lower middle income | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.77 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.70 |
| Serbia | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.75 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.58 |
| Sierra Leone | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.54 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.63 |
| Singapore | East Asia & Pacific | High income | 0.79 | 0.61 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.69 | 0.82 | 0.85 | 0.76 |
| Slovenia | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | High income | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.81 |
| South Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | Upper middle income | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.67 |
| Spain | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.71 |
| Sri Lanka | South Asia | Lower middle income | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 0.58 | 0.70 |
| Sweden | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.92 | 0.85 | 0.55 | 0.83 | 0.72 |
| Tanzania | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 0.37 | 0.53 | 0.63 |
| Thailand | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.42 |
| Tunisia | Middle East & North Africa | Upper middle income | 0.56 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.48 | 0.69 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.63 |
| Turkey | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.67 |
| Uganda | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.29 | 0.54 | 0.72 |
| Ukraine | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Lower middle income | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.78 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.66 |
| United Arab Emirates | Middle East & North Africa | High income | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.66 |
| United Kingdom | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.73 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.58 | 0.64 | 0.82 |
| United States | Western Europe & North America | High income | 0.65 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.86 | 0.75 | 0.44 | 0.63 | 0.83 |
| Uruguay | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.72 | 0.49 | 0.72 | 0.72 |
| Uzbekistan | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | Lower middle income | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.61 | 0.51 | 0.66 |
| Venezuela | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | 0.38 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.57 |
| Vietnam | East Asia & Pacific | Lower middle income | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.64 |
| Zambia | Sub-Saharan Africa | Lower middle income | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.51 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0.77 |
| Zimbabwe | Sub-Saharan Africa | Low income | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.54 |